2010年10月27日 星期三

英文的整理2

I am ready to catch the ball=我準備好挑戰,the ball is your court=it is your responsibility now to make decision,not up to bar=我不接受這位置
drop=退選(課程),add=加選(課程)
go on vacation(美國用法)=度假,go on holiday(英國用法)=度假
addictive=令人上癮的,addictive drugs=令人上癮的藥,hoax=惡作劇。
to raise awareness=to bring attention to
workout(名詞)=運動完,didn't work out=失敗,work out(片語)=exercise
aspirin=阿斯匹靈,a小寫因為在美國已經是普遍東西,不是註冊商標。在別國家有可能大寫,因為還是註冊商標

diagnose=診斷(診斷出疾病用with),severe depression=嚴重憂鬱症,outbreak=爆發,chaos=混亂,
auditory system=聽覺系統
respiratory tract=呼吸道
property=財產,事物固有的特質。anti-inflammatory and pain-relieving properties
intact=完整無缺的和intake=攝取,容易混淆。intact重音在後面,intake重音在前面。
hail=呼喊,hail from=來自某個地方,reminisce=回憶、追想。
breed=品種(名詞)、飼養(動詞),top dog=公司的頭,老板,work like a dog=很辛苦的工作,a dog-eat-dog world=弱肉強食的社會,Hot dog!=好極了!!
take center stage=成為眾人焦點,face off=對抗
ceremony=典禮,host=主持人、主辦
get away=逃離、離開,get away from it all=逃離這一切。excavate=發掘、挖掘。beckon=吸引。
typically=通常指usually,習慣上地,charity campaign=慈善活動。venue=場所、比賽地點
pack in=擠進,pack on=增加,pack有充滿的意思
recommend=推薦、fiber(i發ㄞ的音而不是一的音)=纖維,polish=擦亮、修飾、潤飾,rescue relief=救援、救災
visual effect=視覺效果,sound effect=聽覺效果,wipe out=消滅、徹底毀滅,composition=構成、成分,behind the scenes=在幕後,behind-the-scenes negotiation=幕後協商。

英文文法-假設語氣

假設語氣(the subjunctive mood)是一種表示假設狀態的句型,由if引導的副詞子句與主要子句構成。依時態的不同形成下列四種基本句型以及一種特殊句型:
  1. 純條件的假設語氣-用現在式
  2. If + S + V(現在式) + …, S + will/may/can/should/shall/must/ought to + VR + …. 例:If Jane comes to my birthday party, I will be on the cloud nine. (如果珍來我的生日派對,我會高興的九霄雲外。)
  3. 與現在事實相反的假設語氣-用過去式
  4. If + S + V(過去式) + …, S + would/could/should/might/ought to + VR + …. 例:If Jane came to my birthday party, I would be on the cloud nineBut she is not here. (如果珍現在有來我的生日派對,我會高興的九霄雲外。) 但她現在不在這裡
  5. 與過去事實相反的假設語氣-用過去完成式
  6. If + S + had + P.P. + …, S + would/could/should/might/ought to + have + P.P. + …. 例:If Jane had come to my birthday party, I would have been on the cloud nineBut she was not here. (如果珍當時有來我的生日派對,我會高興的九霄雲外。) 但她當時不在這裡
  7. 與未來狀況相反的假設語氣-由if子句用助動詞should(譯作:「萬一」),主要子句則用現在式或過去式助動詞
  8. 【可能性低】If + S + should + VR + …, S + would/could/should/might/ought to + VR + …. 【可能性高】If + S + should + VR + …, S + will/can/shall/may + VR + …. 例:If Jane should come to my birthday party, I would/will be on the cloud nine. (萬一珍有來我的生日派對,我會高興的九霄雲外。)
  9. 表示與永恆不變的真理相反的假設語氣
  10. If + S + were to + VR + …, S + would/could/should/might/ought to + VR + …. 例:If I were to be qualified for National Taiwan University, my mother would be on the cloud nine. (要是我考上台大,我媽會高興的九霄雲外。) ↑我知道這不可能啦,所以不要噓我了 =..=
只要秉持住「退一步海闊天空」的原則,基本上假設語氣的法則大致都能理解

 if的省略
假設語氣的if子句中,若有過去完成式助動詞had、或表示「萬一」的助動詞should、或是用於現在假設語氣的be動詞were出現時,可以將這些詞類置於主詞前,並將if省略
ㄐㄩˇ個例句就懂了啦!
  1. had
  2. If he had done it, he would have felt sorry. = Had he done it, he would have felt sorry. (如果他當時做了這件事,他會後悔的。)
  3. should
  4. If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay (at) home. = Should it rain tomorrow, I would stay (at) home. (萬一明天下雨,我會待在家。) 我在家當陽光宅男,嗯… 整個就是超級陽光的! 至於在家當陽光宅男的stay home與stay at home的區別: stay為不及物動詞,而home可做為「地方副詞」或「名詞」 (a) home做地方副詞時:stay這個不及物動詞剛好與之形成「S + Vi. + S.C.」的句型,home恰好做為主詞補語 (b) home做名詞時:stay這個不及物動詞因為有at這個介係詞當橋樑,可連接受詞home,且剛好形成「S + Vi. + prep. + O.」的句型
  5. were
  6. If he were lazy, he might fail. = Were he lazy, he might fail. (如果他怠惰,他就有可能失敗。)

》》》 時態不一致
也就是if子句與過去事實相反,用完成式;主要子句與現在事實相反,則用過去式。
If + S + had + P.P. + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + … + (now/today) + .
也是ㄐㄩˇ個例句就懂了啦!
例:If I had started saving money then, I would be able to buy a car (now).
(如果當時我開始存錢,我現在就能買車了。)

解析:If I had started saving money thenwould be able to buy a car (now).
(↑過去事實相反因此用過去完成式;↑現在事實相反,因此用過去式)

》》》 同等於if的連接詞
if = in case (that)、on condition that、provided/providing (that);so long as(只要)、as long as(只要),此類連接詞通常只用在表純條件的假設語氣中。也就是說,其引導的子句均為現在式。
舉一些例句驗證:
例:If it is, we will start to do it.
(如果天氣好,我們就開始著手做這件事情。)

例:In case he comes, let me know.
= In case he should come, let me know.
(如果他來了,讓我知道一下。)

例:I will take the trip with you on condition that you bear the expenses.
(如果你承擔費用,我就與你同行。)

例:I will pardon him provided/providing (that) he acknowledges his mistakes.
(如果他認錯,我就原諒他。)

例:Any book will do as long as it is interesting.
(只要書有趣,哪本都可以。)


》》》 but for + N 若非/要不是…
此類句型僅限於與現在或過去事實相反的假設語氣。
  1. 與現在事實相反:若非…就…
  2. If it were not + that + S + V(用現在式) + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + …. = Were it not + that + S + V(用現在式) + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + …. = If it were not for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + …. = Were it for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + …. = But for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + …. = Without + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + VR + …. 例:If it were not that he works hard, I wouldn't like him. = Were it not that he works hard, I wouldn't like him. = If it were not for his hard work, I wouldn't like him. = Were it not for his hard work, I wouldn't like him. = But for his hard work, I wouldn't like him. = Without his hard work, I wouldn't like him.
  3. 與過去事實相反:若非當時…就…
  4. If it had not been + that + S + V(用過去式) + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. …. = Had it not been + that + S + V(用過去式) + …, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + …. = If it had not been for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + …. = Had it not been for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + …. = But for + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + …. = Without + N, S + would/could/might/should/ought to + have + P.P. + …. 例:If it had not been that he lent me the money, I couldn't have bought the book. = Had it not been that he lent me the money, I couldn't have bought the book. = If it had not been for the money (which) he lent me, I couldn't have bought the book. = Had it not been for the money (which) he lent me, I couldn't have bought the book. = But for the money (which) he lent me, I couldn't have bought the book. = Without the money (which) he lent me, I couldn't have bought the book.
※因為這類句型綜合前面的文法,故較深難。若不懂則使用But for + N或Without + N比較保險。
好險有藍山不好笑,我知道 =..=


》》》 lest…(should) + VR +… 以免/唯恐…
lest為副詞連接詞,引導副詞子句。在該子句中,助動詞一律用should。而should常常予以省略,故該子句中的動詞必為原形動詞。
lest + … + (should) + VR …
= for fear that + S + may + VR【表示現在或未來的狀況】
= for fear that + S + might + VR【表示過去的狀況】
= for fear of + V-ing

例:You must study hard lest you (should) fail the exam.
= You must study hard for fear that you may fail the exam.
= You must study hard for fear of failing the exam.
(你必須用功讀書,以免考試不及格。)

例:He did it carefully lest he (should) make the same mistake again.
= He did it carefully for fear that he might make the same mistake again.
= He did it carefully for fear of making the same mistake again.
(他很僅慎地做這件事,唯恐再次犯同樣的錯誤。)


》》》 as if…= as though… 彷彿/好像…
as though或as if均為副詞連接詞,引導副詞子句,使用時有三種時態:
  1. 表示極大的可能  動詞使用一般時態
  2. 例:It looks as if/as though it is going to rain. (看起來好像要下雨了。)
  3. 表與現在事實相反  動詞使用過去式
  4. 例:Mr. Wang loves me as if/as though I were his own child. (王先生愛我就像我是她的孩子一樣。)
  5. 表與過去事實相反  動詞使用過去完成式
  6. 例:He looked as if/as though nothing had happened. (他看起來就好像什麼事也沒發生過一樣。)
※as if或as though之後亦可接不定詞片語,表示即將發生的狀況。
例:She opened her lips as if/as though she was going to speak.
(她張開雙唇好像有話要說。)


》》》 What if…should…? 要是……的話會怎樣/要怎麼辦?
(※本概念於 95 年大學入學指定科目考試有考過)
本句型乃表示對未來狀況的存疑的假設語氣。if子句多半都會置入助動詞should。
例:What if he should come?
= What might happen if he should come?
= What could I/we do if he should come?
(萬一/要是他來了,會怎麼樣/怎麼辦?)

例:What if it should rain?
= What might happen if it should rain?
= What could I/we do if it should rain?
(萬一/要是下雨了,會怎麼樣/怎麼辦?)

*what if之後亦可用現在式,故上列例句亦可改寫如下:
What if he comes?
= What shall we do if he comes?

What if it rains?
= What may happen if it rains?


》》》 It is time/high time/about time + (that) + S + V-ed + ….  該是……的時候了
*由於that子句的動作「尚未發生」,與現在事實相反。故使用此句型時,that子句的動詞必須為過去式。
例:It is time (that) he went to bed.
= It is high time (that) he went to bed.
= It is about time (that) he went to bed.
(該是他上床睡覺的時間了。)

*上列句構亦可改為不定詞形態:
例:It is time (that) he went to bed.
= It is time for hime to go to bed.
= It is high time for hime to go to bed.
= It is about time for hime to go to bed.
(該是他上床睡覺的時間了。)

因此歸納出以下句型:
It is time + (that) + S + V-ed + ….
= It is high time + (that) + S + V-ed + ….
= It is about time + (that) + S + V-ed + ….
= It is time + for sb. + to + VR + ….
= It is high time + for sb. + to + VR + ….
= It is about time + for sb. + to + VR + ….


》》》 If only + 假設語氣 + ….  但願/要是……就好了
本句型只用於與現在事實或過去事實相反的假設語氣中。換言之,本句型的時態只能用過去式或過去完成式。
ㄐㄩˇ個例句就懂了啦!
例:If only he were here.
= I wish he were here.
(要是他現在在這理就好了。)

例:If only I had known it earlier.
= I wish I had known it earlier.
(要是我早點知道這件事就好了。)


》》》 wish的用法
  1. wish之後接that子句時,一定要使用假設語氣。若與現在事實相反,要用過去式;若與過去事實相反,則要用過去完成式。換句話說,that子句中的時態絕無現在式。
  2. 例:wish that he is here.【錯誤】  I wish that he were here.【正確】 = It's too bad that he is not here. (我真希望他現在就在這裡。--但遺憾的是,他現在不在這裡。)
  3. I wish (that) + …. 真希望……就好了
  4. 句型:I wish + (that) + …. = I would rather + (that) + …. = Would that + ….【文言】 例:I wish (that) I had studied harder when young. = I would rather (that) I had studied harder when young. = Would that I had studied harder when young.【文言】 (真希望我當時能更用功就好了。) 這也是看到指考成績後的心聲啊…
但為了避免錯誤,通常以wish to + VR的用法最為保險。

》》》 hope的用法
hope之後接that子句時,使用一般時態,表示極大的可能性。即表示現在的狀況時用現在式,表示未來狀況用未來式;表示完成的狀況時用完成式,表示進行的狀況用進行式。
  1. 表示現在狀況:
  2. 例:I hope (that) he is safe and sound. (我希望他安然無恙。)  safe and sound (phr.) 安然無恙地 sound (a.) 健全的、 (Vi.) 聽起來、 (n.) 聲音,這裡做形容詞(翻譯做:健全的)
  3. 表示未來狀況:
  4. 例:I hope he will be back (我希望他會回來。)
  5. 表示進行狀況:
  6. 例:I hope they are having a good time. (我希望他們正玩得愉快。) 複習:表示「做…愉快」的句型:have fun/pleasure/a good time/a great time + 用法1 (in) + V-ing 或 用法2 with + N
  7. 表示完成狀況:
  8. 例:I hope they have finished the work. (我希望他們已經把工作做好了。)
複習:【國中文法】hope為半使役動詞,其後以接不定詞to + VR或原形動詞做為受詞

》》》 I hope與祈使句(命令句)的關係
I hope接that子句時,子句中可使用助動詞may,形成祈使句。此時將I hope that刪除,將may置於原that子句的主詞之前,動詞仍用原形動詞,原句點改為驚嘆號。
例:I hope (that) he may live long.
= May he live long!
(願他長命百歲!)

例:I hope (that) you may pass the exam.
= May you pass the exam!
(願你通過考試!)

    注意事項
  1. 以God為主詞時,可以省略may。
  2. 例:I hope God may bless you.【老外不常用】 = May God bless you!【老外常用】 = God bless you!【老外最常用】 (上帝保佑你!)
  3. 以「國家」或「君主萬歲」時,可採倒裝句構。
  4. 例:I hope the king may live long.【老外不常用】 = May the king live long!【老外常用】 = Long live the king!【老外最常用】 (國王萬歲!)

》》》 wish與hope的異同
  1. 相同部分:
  2. Ⅰ. 均可用不定詞做為受詞 例:I wish to travel abroad. = I hope to travel abroad. (我希望能出國旅遊。) Ⅱ. 亦可作不及物動詞,與介係詞for並用,表示「期望獲得」之意,以名詞作為其受詞。 例:I wish for a chance to try it.【常用】 = I hope for a chance to try it.【罕用】 (我希望能有機會嘗試一下。) try it不要想到純喫茶喔 =..=
  3. 不同部分:
  4. 表「祝福」時,只能用wish,之後接兩個名詞或代名詞作為其受詞。 例:I wish you a good time. (祝你們玩得愉快。) 例:I wish my parents longevity. (祝我父母長命百歲。) 注意:longevity為不可數名詞,譯作:長壽(不是香菸喔)、長命百歲 換做hope的部份: 例:hope you a good time.【錯誤】 改成:hope (that) you (may) have a good time.【正確】 (我希望你們玩得愉快。) 例:hope my parents longevity.【錯誤】 改成:hope (that) my parents can live long.【正確】 (我希望父母長命百歲。)

》》》 對過去事物的猜測的三種句型
  1. must have + P.P. + … 一定曾經…
  2. 例:He is learned; he must have received a good education. (他博學多聞,一定受過良好的教育。)
  3. may have + P.P. + … 可能曾經…
  4. 例:He looks tired; he may have stayed up late last night. (他看起來很疲倦,可能昨晚熬夜到很晚。) 雖然指考已經過了,但還是來附息一下“熬夜”的講法: stay up = sit up = burn the midnight oil = pull an all nighter
  5. cannot have + P.P. + … 不可能曾經…
  6. 例:He is honest; he cannot have stolen Mary's money. (他是老實人,不可能偷瑪莉的錢。)
注意:若表猜測的句構為疑問句時,要用「Can…have…?」的句型
例:May he have done it?【錯誤】
改成:Can he have done it?【正確】
(他可能做了這樣的事嗎?)

》》》 比較“didn't need to + VR”與“need not have + P.P.”的不同
“didn't need to + VR”乃表示對過去的事實,即「不必……同時亦沒有如此做」;而“need not have + P.P.”乃表示對過去事實相反的假設語氣,即「不必……但卻這麼做了」(同should not have + P.P.)。
例:As I had enough money, I didn't need to borrow any (money) from him.
(由於錢夠,我當時不必向他借錢。--爾且我也沒借錢。)

例:Since you had enough money, you need not have borrowed money from me, but why did you still borrow some?
(既然你的錢夠用,你原本不必向我借錢,但你為什麼還是借錢呢?)
麗奇阿姨要寫借據囉…!


》》》 意志動詞
意志動詞共有“建議”、“要求”、“命令”、“規定”、“主張”等五大類。其後接that子句作受詞時,that子句中要使用助動詞should。而should往往以予省略,故that子句內動詞必呈現原形狀態。
  1. 表「建議」:suggest、recommend、advise、urge(呼籲)、propose、move(提議)
  2. 表「要求」:ask、desire、demand、require、request、insist(堅持要求)
  3. 表「命令」:order、command
  4. 表「規定」:rule、regulate、stipulate
  5. 表「主張」:advocate、maintain
例:They suggested (that) he (should) come home on time.
(他們建議他準時回家。)

例:Mary desired (that) Peter (should) treat her nicely.
(瑪莉要求彼得好好對待她。)

例:The manager ordered (that) the secretary (should) hand in the proposal by Friday.
(經理令秘書週五前交出企劃案。)

例:The principal ruled (that) no student (should) play truant.
(校長規定學生不准逃學。)
逃學會被老妖怪抓到唷 =..=

注意:若suggest翻譯做(表示為):「暗示」、insist表「堅信」、maintain表「堅決認為」時,不做意志動詞用。換言之,that子句用一般時態即可。
  1. suggest表「暗示」:suggest = imply = hint
  2. 例:His words suggested that he wasn't telling a lie. = His words implied that he wasn't telling a lie. = His words hinted that he wasn't telling a lie. (他的話中暗示他絕不是在說謊。)
  3. insist表「堅信」:insist = be convinced = be sure
  4. 例:He insists that the job isn't so difficult as one may think. = He is convinced that the job isn't so difficult as one may think. = He is sure that the job isn't so difficult as one may think. (他深信這份工作沒有一般人想像的那麼困難。)
  5. maintain表「堅決認為」:maintain = believe
  6. 例:John maintained that he had met the girl before. = John believed that he had met the girl before. (約翰確信他曾見過那女孩。)

》》》 insist on + V-ing 堅持要…
例:He insisted on doing it (in) that way.
(他堅持要這麼做。)

注意:“insist on…”與“persist in…”均以動名詞做為受詞,但意思有別:
  1. insist on… 堅持要……(有固執的涵義)
  2. 例:John insisted on going fishing even though a typhoon was coming. (雖然颱風要來了,約翰堅持要去釣魚。) 我想是被魚掉唄~ 颱風在海邊釣魚或觀浪我記得好像要罰二十五萬? 問陳英櫻老師吧 =..=
  3. persist in… 從事……很執著(有很努力且不輕易放棄的涵義)
  4. 例:Peter persisted in handling the problem all by himself. (彼得很執著於自己來處理這個問題。) 複習一下唄~ 處理:handle = deal with = cope with 嗯… 也許莫名的執著是成功的原動力吧?!

輸送現象與單元操作

如輸送 化熱這兩科
一定要有系統
輸送分為動量傳送 熱傳和質傳
針對動量傳送(平板,steady state,牛頓流體)以補習班的系統
一開始先寫出continuity eq'n
不過我覺得學校考試可以不用寫
再來假設
1. V=V(x,y,z)   流動方向
2. one-dimension flow    幾個方向流動
3. Steady state    穩態或非穩態
4. Newtonian fluid     流體性質
5. fully developed

丙級化工技術士

一、普通化學
(一)氣體
(二)水及水溶液
(三)原子構造及週期表
(四)酸、鹼及鹽
(五)金屬元素及非金屬元素

二、分析化學
(一)定性分析
(二)定量分析

三、工業化學
(一)水工業
(二)酸、鹼工業
(三)肥料工業
(四)矽酸鹽工業
(五)金屬工業
(六)石油化學工業
(七)高分子工業
(八)油脂及界面活性劑工業
(九)染、顏料工業
(十)其他化學工業

四、質能均衡
(一)基本概念
(二)沒有化學變化的質能均衡
(三)有化學變化的質能均衡
(四)相關圖表之應用

五、單元操作
(一)流體輸送
(二)流體輸送機械
(三)熱量輸送
(四)質量輸送
(五)過濾
(六)攪拌
(七)蒸發
(八)蒸餾
(九)吸收
(十)萃取
(十一)調濕
(十二)乾燥
(十三)結晶
(十四)固體處理
(十五)反應裝置

六、工業儀器:
(一)溫度、壓力、流量、位面測量儀器
(二)程序控制
(三)物性測定
(四)電析儀器
(五)色層分析儀器
(六)光譜分析儀器

七、化工廠管理
(一)工廠之組織與管理
(二)製程管理
(三)原料與製品之管理
(四)公用設施與裝置設備

2010年10月26日 星期二

複合名詞

在英語中,字 (尤其是形容詞和名詞)以多種方式結合成複合結構。複合字一旦形成,它們有時會隨時間而變形。一個常見的模式是,兩個字 -- 譬如說,fire fly -- 經過一段時間後 以連字號結合在一起 -- fire-fly -- 然後又結合成一個字 -- firefly。我們只有一個方法可以知道英語複合字的拼字,那就是查閱權威的字典。
複合字有三種型態:
封閉型態 (closed form),如 firefly, secondhand, softball, childlike, crosstown, redhead, keyboard, makeup, notebook。
加連字號型態 (hyphenated form),如 daughter-in-law, master-at-arms, over-the-counter, six-pack, six-year-old, mass-produced。
開放型態 (open form),如 post office, real estate, middle class, full moon, half sister, attorney general。
修飾用的複合字經常被加上連字號以避免混淆。紐約公立圖書館的「寫作者指南」(Writer's Guide) 指出,an old-furniture salesman 顯然是從事古家具的交易,但 an old furniture salesman 必定是個老人。然而,我們對 a used car dealer 可能就不會有這樣的混淆了。當複合修飾語位在名詞的前面時,它們通常加連字號:part-time teacher, fifty-yard-wide field, fire-resistant curtains, high-speed chase。然而,當這些相同的修飾用字位在名詞的後面時,它們不加連字號:: a field fifty yards wide, curtains that are fire resistant, 等等。The second-rate opera company gave a performance that was first rate。
形容詞的比較級和最高級在與其他修飾語複合時加連字號:the highest-priced car, the shorter-term loan。但這並非亙古不變的定律:the most talented youngster。以 ly 做字尾的副詞在與其他修飾語複合時不加連字號:a highly rated bank, a partially refunded ticket, publicly held securities。
有時加連字號的修飾語在變成複合名詞時,其連字號自動消失:A clear decision-making process was evident in their decision making. The bluish grey was slowly disappearing from the bluish-grey sky。但這也並非總是如此:your high-rise apartment building is also known as a high-rise。
當以一個人的年齡來修飾他或她時,該複合片語加連字號:my six-year-old son。但當年齡位在人的後面時,我們不加連字號:My son is six years old. 然而,He is a six-year-old.

「句子」和「子句」

在此之前我們已學到,一個句子的結束時,其句尾都會有一個句點或問號、驚嘆號等,如:
1. I am a student.
2. Are the dog in the classroom?
3. Happy birthday!
以上這些,我們都稱它們為「句子」。但還有一種對於剛學英語的學生來說很容易弄錯,那就是「子句」。從上述的三個「句子」,我們就會發現到,這些「句子」都只是單一個子句所構成的句子,因除了第 3 句外,第 1, 2 句均只有一個「主詞」和一個「動詞」,只要是含有一個主詞和動詞者,均叫做是一個「子句」,如此說來,上述的例句 1, 2 就是由一個「子句」所構成的「句子」了。 那有沒有由二個以上的「子句」構成一個長「句子」呢?當然有,如:
4. 我是個學生 而 他也是個學生。
5. 我有一隻狗 但 他沒有。
想想看:就上述的兩個例句,你發現了中間各有什麼特別的字?能否說說它們的功用是什麼?去掉那些字,再把句子唸看看,會有何感覺?好像缺少了什麼?

我們也可以這樣想:「子句」就好像「個人」;「句子」就好像「家庭」。想想看,「家庭」是由幾個人組合而成的?有的人想獨立生活,自立門戶,一個人就可以組成一個家庭了,自己當戶長;也有夫妻兩個人組成一個家;以前的社會,甚至有一、二十個人組成一個家的。相同的道理,一個「句子」有可能只有一個「子句」;有可能是由二、三,甚至於更多「子句」組合而成「句子」的。
連接詞:當我們在看一長列火車時,總會發現到在每個車廂之間,會有個連接車廂的東西,若沒有那個東西,每節車廂即無法相連接;一樣的道理,每個子句就好像是每個車廂一樣,但子句與子句間要用什麼來連接呢?在這種情形下,那個用來連接子句的詞,就叫做「連接詞
在英語中的連接詞有很多種,最簡單的是 and 和 but
and用於連接前後兩個子句的意思相同;或兩句時間有先後的子句。如:I am a student, and he is a student, too.(我是個學生,而他也是。)
──前後兩句的意思相同。
  He ate his breakfast, and (he) went to school.(他吃過早餐後,就去上學了。)
  ──第一子句發生在前,而後第二子句。
Mary has a problem, and she is talking to Harry about it.
──第一子句發生在前,而後第二子句。
  
but用於連接前後兩個子句的意思相反時。
如: I like dogs, but he likes cats.(我喜歡狗,但他喜歡貓。)
──前後兩句的意思相反。
Butterflies are beautiful, but caterpillars are not.(蝴蝶很漂亮,但毛毛虫卻不是。)
──前後兩句的意思相反。
Jack loved good food, but he didn't like exercise.(Jack喜歡好吃的食物,但他卻不喜歡運動。)
──前後兩句的意思相反。

想想看:
你有無發現到,在上述的五個例句中,兩個連接詞 and, but 前,都有一個標點符號,請問那是什麼符號?

「動詞片語」與「片語動詞」

「片語動詞」中所包含的副詞,往往具有介系詞的用法,且容易被誤解是介系詞(因為介系詞後面必須加受詞),像這類的字通常稱之為「介副詞」,例如:take off the jacket可帶換成take the jacket off,前者乍看之下off接著the jacket,以為是介系詞用法,但後者take off 分開後,off後面放空,就絕對不是介系詞的特性了,所以「片語動詞」的重要特質,就是可將動詞與副詞分開,也可以不分開,也就是受詞the jacket可放在take off的中間或後面,但是有一點足以證明off在此是副詞,因為假使the jacket寫成了代名詞it,則這個片語非得寫成take it off不可,亦即受詞(the jacket)寫成人稱代名詞(it)時,一定要放在及物動詞(take)後面才行,這個規則在「授與動詞」give(給)、buy(買)、send(寄、送)的用法中一樣適用。然而當「片語動詞」之動詞為「不及物動詞」時,因為不及物動詞沒有受詞,也就沒有所謂可分開或不可分開的疑慮,例如:get up(起床)、go out(出去)、show off(炫耀)、take off(起飛)。


上一段已經說明take off的off是副詞,而off有當介系詞的用法嗎?有的,例如fall off the bike意思為「從腳踏車上摔下來」,fall是「掉落」,off為「脫離」,bike是「腳踏車」,所以此片語解釋為「脫離腳踏車而掉落」,fall其掉落的意思不變,off the bike則是表示地方的介系詞片語,提供了掉落的脫離點所在,而且off the bike的結構(介系詞加受詞)是不能更改的。如此可知,off這個字具有副詞及介系詞的用法,稱之為「介副詞」,何時當副詞,何時當介系詞,非得小心不可。又如up(往上)和down(往下)這兩個字最常當副詞使用,像stand up(站起來)與sit down(坐下),就是典型的例子。但是在climb up the tree(爬上樹)的寫法中,climb是動詞「爬」, up是介系詞「往上」, the tree是受詞「樹」,其含意為「往樹上爬去」;run down the hill(跑下斜坡)的寫法中,run是動詞「跑」, down是介系詞「往下」,the hill是受詞「斜坡」,其含意為「往斜坡下方跑去」。兩個例子中,動詞climb(爬),與動詞run(跑),並無法改變「樹」與「斜坡」的現狀,只能以後面的介系詞片語,來說明該動作的方向。所以「介副詞」同一個字,當成介系詞或副詞使用時,雖然意思差別可能不大,但對動詞的影響程度與意思轉向,卻有所不同。

此外,有很多及物或不及物動詞的所形成的動詞片語寫法,會被誤解成是片語動詞的作用,因而任意將片語拆開,導致寫法錯誤。例如動詞片語或者片語動詞中,一些不及物動詞靠著介系詞才能接上受詞,這種就無法改變位置,像walk to the library(走到圖書館),其中的walk(走)為不及物動詞,to(向、、、)是介系詞, the liberary(圖書館)是受詞,介系詞加受詞的組合是「不二價」,不容拆夥的最佳拍檔,又如get out of the car(從車子裡出來), get out(出來)是片語動詞,但是out卻是副詞,用以說明動作的結果,若要表明從何處而出,就必須以介系詞 of,加上受詞 the car。

以下僅就幾個「片語動詞」例子說明,以便瞭解其用法:

動詞 副詞 受詞
代換寫法

put(放)on(上面)the hat(帽子)
put on the hat = put the hat on(把帽子戴上)
look(看)up(完成)the word(這個字)
look up the word = look the word up(查出這個字)
turn(轉)on(開)the light(電燈)
turn on the light= turn the light on(將電燈打開)
wake(叫醒)up(往上)your son(你兒子)
wake up your son = wake your son up(將你兒子叫起來)
pick(撿)up(往上)a pen(一枝筆)
pick up a pen = pick a pen up(撿起一枝筆)
try(嘗試)on(上面)the dress(那件洋裝)
try on the dress = try the dress on(試穿那件洋裝)
take(拿)away(離開)my key(我的鑰匙)
take my key away= take my key away(把我的鑰匙拿走) 

英文的整理

cattle=牲畜, tribute=部落,exhilarate=使.....振奮,conservation=保護
reputation=名聲,aviation=航行
whopping=極大的,exchange rate=匯率,index=指標,unemployment rate=失業率
resilient=迅速恢復的,scratch=刮傷,spawn=大量產生,釀成。
formation=排列,blink=眨眼,
promote=提倡、升遷,be dedicated to=專心於......
passive=被動的、消極的。zip=飛快的
beyond your means=入不敷出,live within one's means=收支平衡,balance[balㄜs]=帳戶中的餘額。redeem=兌換、贖回。
converse=交談、risky=風險的、operation=手術或操作、collision=相撞、invest=投資

free在字尾可以當作"毫無....." ex:hands-free=免手持式的、sugar-free=無糖的、risk-free=毫無風險、fat-free=無脂紡的、feel free to do something=沒拘束做某事
evaluate=評價,sturdy=堅強的
step on it=踩油門、加快速度,step it up=趕快,out of step=步伐不齊,step by step=逐漸地

2010年10月14日 星期四

English interview questions

Q1:Please tell me something about yourself
I think I'm very frank and have a strong sense of responsibility.I have good personality such as aggressive, self-motivated, fast-learning, is able to work independently and precisely even under pressure.

Q2:When you were at school, were you involved in any activities?

Q3:Would you talk about your strength and weakness?

MKTG - MS Specialist

Description

Overall Job Description (business purpose & important responsibilities):
·          The Marketing Supply (MS) Specialist will act as company's operations leader to delivery execution excellence for company's promotions activities and accumulate spending pool expertise in daily execution.
·          Overall service/material single point of contact between Brands/MS&P and agencies/suppliers.
·          Overall Owner of promotional service and material in terms of system building, process development and project delivery and performance and payment verification.
·          Own CPS for all promotional projects (including promotion pack, service and material…etc)
·          Develop POS material and execution in-store
·          Involve in design work, and provide business recommendation based on brand equity and trade environment.
·          Drive discipline in MKT, CBD and multifunction team. MS specialist need to flag out issues and provide solution.
·          Own QA work to ensure flawless quality delivery
·          Build agencies/suppliers capability.
·          Take spending pool responsibility to drive innovation and professional knowledge to contribute in business and organization
·          Much of the work requires thinking through how best to approach the task to get desired results.
.      Most of the work must be accomplished with minimal supervision and under time pressure.

Qualifications

Qualification Required (Education, critical skills, work experience, expertise, attitude, functional knowledge, etc.):
·          College degree.
·          Fluent English in listening, speaking and writing
·          Strong leadership/ownership and strong problem solving and follow-up capability and strong priority setting skill.
·          Able to work independently and
·          Strong collaboration skills with both internal customers and outside parties
·          Strong passion to drive innovation and breakthrough in business/spending pool and organization. Need passion to taking challenge
.      1 year above marketing executive experience is preferred.